Carbon Filler with Pure PTFE Resins
Filled PTFE Gasket Material
ASTM F104: F452111-A9B5E11K6M6Download the Data Sheet.Durlon^® 9400 is a high performance filled PTFE gasket material designed for use in piping and equipment, chemical, and other general industrial applications where resistance to highly aggressive chemicals (including hydrofluoric acid) is required. Durlon® 9400 can also be used as the gasket of choice for anhydrous hydrogen fluoride (AHF) in railroad tank cars and a good alternative for use in plants where barium sulfate filled PTFE may not be suitable.
Industry Applications:
• Chemical Processing
• Food and Beverage
• Marine
• Mining
• OEM Services
• Oil and Gas
• Petrochemical
• Pharmaceutical
• Power Generation
• Pulp and Paper
• Rail Tank Car
• Refining
• Water and Wastewater
• General/Heavy Industry

Crude Oil Refining

Crude oil refining is the process of converting raw crude oil into useful products such as gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel, just to name a few. Crude Oil refining can be broken down into 5 major stages: Distillation, Cracking, Reforming, Treating and Blending. The refining process begins with the separation of crude oil into different components or fractions based on their boiling points, this process is known as fractional distillation and takes place inside a distillation column.

Distillation
During distillation liquid is heated to a vapour inside the column and lifted upward to be distilled again into separate substances. Distillation exploits the characteristic of the chemicals in crude oil to boil at different temperatures. Unlike a typical still, a distilling column contains a set of trays that allow heated vapours to rise and collect at different levels, separating the various liquids derived from crude oil. The top of the column is cooler than the bottom, allowing the vapours to condense again as they rise, resulting in them being collected in their respective trays

Cracking
Because there is more demand for some distilled products like gasoline, refiners have an incentive to convert heavy liquids into lighter liquids. The term cracking comes from the process of breaking up long hydrocarbon molecules into smaller, more useful molecules. The cracking process converts heavy straight run liquids into gasoline. In essence, cracking is the process of breaking down hydrocarbons, so they can be reformed in the next stage.

Reforming
Reforming was developed to raise both the quality and volume of gasoline produced by the refining process. After a series of reforming processes, substances are converted into aromatics and isomers, which have much higher-octane numbers than the paraffins and naphthene’s produced by other refinery processes. Simply put, reforming rearranges the naphthenic hydrocarbons to create gasoline molecules.

Treating
Crude oil naturally contains contaminants such as sulfur, nitrogen, and heavy metals, which are undesirable in motor fuels. The treating process, primarily hydrotreating, removes these chemicals by binding them with hydrogen, absorbing them in separate columns, or adding acids to remove them. The recovered molecules are then sold to other industries.

Blending
The last major step of the refining process is blending various streams into finished petroleum products. The various grades of motor fuels are blends of different streams or “fractions” such as reformate, alkylate, catalytically cracked gasoline, etc. Refineries blend compounds obtained either from their internal refining process operations as noted above, or externally, to make gasoline that meets specifications for acceptable motor vehicle performance.

In conclusion, crude oil refining is a complex process that involves separating crude oil into fractions and then further refining and purifying those fractions. The refining process plays a crucial role in producing the products that we rely on every day. However, it also poses some challenges such as dealing with impurities and addressing environmental impacts. To mitigate these environmental impacts, many refineries have implemented various measures such as capturing and storing carbon dioxide and investing in renewable energy sources with intension of minimizing negative impacts on the environment.